Cause And Effect Of Burnout Essay - 1063 Words

INTRODUCTION Burnout is defined as psychological syndrome of prolonged exposure to work related stress that contains three components: exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced self-efficiency. (Chirico, 2016). Exhaustion is the depletion of energy due to excessive workload, and there is a lack of social support to overcome exhaustion (Chirico, 2016). Depersonalization is also known as cynism, when an individual becomes distant or indifferent towards the work or his or her clients (Chirico, 2016). Whereas, reduced personal accomplishment (self-efficacy) is when an individual feels incompetent and becomes less productive at work (Chirico, 2016). Burnout is often confused with work related stress strain because â€Å"burnout† and â€Å"stress-strain† are both as a result of job stress; however, the difference lies in the time the person experiences stress and the process that made them the way they are. Stress-strain is a temporary condition accompanied by mental and phy sical symptoms of stress. Whereas, burnout is a chronic malfunction that develops overtime resulting from prolonged occupational stress. In fact, there are four stages of burnout: enthusiasm, stagnation, frustration, and apathy. The idealistic young men and female coming to a new job would try to overachieve with their perfectionist personality. Unfortunately, with few rewards towards their effort, they experience disappointment and a negative experience. If the individual cannot share their feelings regarding theShow MoreRelatedCauses and Prevention of Burnout in Human Services Essay1063 Words   |  5 PagesCauses and Prevention of Burnout Causes and Prevention of Burnout in Human Services Staff Paper CherrishTyler University of Phoenix BSHS 432 Latera Davis December 23, 2011 Causes and Prevention of Burnout in Human Services Staff Burnout is most common in individuals that are motivated and dedicated in his or her field of services, including among human services professionals. This discussion will included the definition of burnout, describing some of the individual, cultural, organizationalRead More Don’t Get Burned Out Essay822 Words   |  4 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Burnout. It happens to everyone, everywhere, everyday. Athletes -young, old, professional, amateur, male and female- all experience burnout in different forms and degrees. Burnout is defined as the physical, emotional, and psychological reaction to intense pressure to fulfill obligations, whether they be sports or otherwise. Simply put, people get tired and worn out because they often take on the responsibility of doing too much. Burnout is most common among professionalRead MoreThe Correlation Between Poor Coaching And Burnout993 Words   |  4 Pagesbecoming burned out. What can cause an athlete to become burned out with sports is not only the stress from workouts and competition, but poor coaching. To fully understand the relationship between poor coaching and burnout, this paper will discuss what burnout is to athletes, as well as the behavior of athletes favorite and least favorite coaches. Then provide evidence to connect the effects of poor coaching experiences to burnout in athletes. Literature Review Burnout in Athletes Gustafosson,Read MoreThe Problem Of Burnout Is Caused By Several Factors1049 Words   |  5 Pages Describe the problem Burnout is caused by several factors such as mental, emotional, and physical exhaustion of workload that triggered by prolonged and excessive stress in the work field or around us. It happens when we feel overwhelmed, exhausted, and unable to meet every day demands. As the burden continues, we begin to lose the enthusiasm or motivation. In other-words, burnout can reduce productivity and ruin our energy, leaving us feeling increasingly helpless, cynical, discourage, and resentfulRead MoreThe Impacts of Occupational Stress Essay946 Words   |  4 Pagesrefers to any form of restrain that is experienced when there is no match between job demands and the output of the worker. The article ‘Occupational stress’ aims at showing ways in which stress people get from their work place affect them and what causes the stress. This condition may encompass many conditions that include maladaptive behavior, psychological disorders, cognitive impairment, as well as emotional strain. Th ese conditions lead to poor performances at work, injuries, or biological reactionsRead MoreNursing Burnout Research Paper1355 Words   |  6 PagesNURSING BURNOUT AND PATIENT SAFETY â€Å"Burnout has been widely studied in the health service profession, and nursing is recognized as one of the occupations with the highest burnout prevalence rates† (Harkin Melby, 2014, p. 152). Nursing burnout affects many nurses in the profession in one way or another. In the nursing world, a typical shift length is now twelve hours or longer. This shift length has changed from the past in which nurses worked a normal shift of eight hours. While thereRead MoreBurnout: Emotional Exhaustion and Self-regulatory Goal Attainment1638 Words   |  7 Pagesquit ringing. Are you headed towards burnout? It is quite possible. Most people have an idea of what burnout is. You dread going to work. You go through your day feeling numb. You have lost your enthusiasm for your job. And you continually feel tired, stressed and drained of energy. If this sounds familiar, you could be suffering from burnout. Burnout is on the rise in modern society resulting in poor performance and health. Maslach and Leiter (1997) define burnout as the index of the dislocationRead MoreEffects Of Burnout On The Workplace1713 Words   |  7 PagesA major concern in human service occupations is burnout as it has been linked to turnover, absenteeism, a reduction in the quality of services, numerous physical and psychological disorders, and a disruption in interpersonal relations (Barford 271). Child and youth care workers are especially susceptible to burnout as the inherent challenges of working with high-risk youth causes difficulties in attracting and maintaining qualified employees. Social workers are committed to the protection and empowermentRead MoreTaking a Look at Stress1745 Words   |  7 Pagesoptimist’s point of view, stress can be referred to as a good evil. Laconically, potential causes of stress are numerous. Stress is linked with the working and living environment. Stress affects people, and people are part of organisations and as a result organisations are also a ffected. And if stress is not properly addressed, it can lead to burnout. (1) What do researchers say about the causes of stress and burnout? Stress is the reaction of the body to changes and other demands which requires the body’sRead MoreThe Emotional Expression Of The People s Attitudes Towards Objective Things1672 Words   |  7 PagesEmotion refers to the experience of people’s attitudes towards objective things, which is the response of the human brain to the connection between objective external things and subjective needs. It is a psychological process, but also cause a certain physical changes. Janine (2013) stated that emotions arise from individuals, and some emotions may be instinctive, automatically responding to environmental stimuli rather than cognition. However, negative emotions are common in the working environment

Child Labour A History Essay - 1228 Words

Child Labour in The United States Child Labour: A History America and The Industrial Revolution ‘Forms of child labor, including indentured servitude and child slavery, have existed throughout American history.’ (http://www.continuetolearn.uiowa.edu/laborctr/child_labor/about/us_history.html) During the years following the Civil War, (http://americanhistory.about.com/od/industrialrev/a/indrevoverview.htm) the American working class made an abrupt transition away from farm work and home chores. Workers shifted over to the ever-growing factory production industry. Many factory production jobs became available following the year 1820, mid way through Industrial Revolution. This era of mechanic and industrial growth created new social divides in American society, forming new castes of entrepreneurs and splitting the population into the middle and the lower class (http://www.eiu.edu/eiutps/childhood.php). Many families relocated from rural neighbourhoods to seek employment. American citizens from the suburbs traveled to nearby cities, searching for a better life and e mployment. In the newly established industrial empire the jobs available often required long hours working in dangerous conditions. The work offered was in exchange for little pay– families would often have no choice but to accept the conditions. In the cases of unfavorable lines of work, children were often proffered. Children were favored because of their small stature, ability for nimble precise work, andShow MoreRelatedCauses Of Child Labour1235 Words   |  5 Pagesemotional well being. †¢ Involves intolerable abuse, such as child slavery, child trafficking, debt bondage, forced labour or illicit activities. †¢ Prevents children from going to school. †¢ Uses children to undermine labour standards. CAUSES OF CHILD LABOUR For much of human history and across different cultures, children less than 17 years old have contributed to family welfare in a variety of ways. There are various reasons which lead to child labour. Some of the important reasons are as follows: †¢ POVERTY:  UNICEFRead MoreThe Effects Of Emotional Appeal On The Population s Perspective Of Child Labour Committee ( 1830-1905 )793 Words   |  4 Pageseffect in the abolition of child labour after the Industrial Revolution. Child labour was accepted during the Revolution, as well as child exploitation. A lot of deaths and injuries could have been avoided with proper labour standards. This essay will explain the importance of the emotional appeal towards changing the population s perspective of child labour. I will be looking at the time between the end of the Industrial Revolution to the formation of the National Child Labour Committee (1830-1905)Read MoreChild Labour. . The Industrial Revolution (1760 To 1840)1134 Words   |  5 PagesCHILD LABOUR The industrial revolution (1760 to 1840) was an exciting time, and while Britain and America were transforming modern society there was an incredibly high demand for labor. Children as young as 4 years old were working underpaid in factories to keep themselves and their poverty struck families alive. I will be exploring why it was that so many children were working in factories during the industrial revolution, and how they compare to the child labourers of todayRead MoreThe History Of Childbirth, And Barbra Rothmans Childbirth1454 Words   |  6 Pages　　The history of childbirth is long, spanning across the entire history of every creature. The physical act has stayed the same with the exclusion of c-sections but the social aspect has changed drastically. Through exploring Nancy Dye’s History of Childbirth in America, Wenda Trevathan’s The Evolutionary History of Childbirth, and Barbra Rothman’s Childbirth as a Negotiated Reality , one will receive a glimpse into the social history of childbirth. 　　Nancy Dye’s, History of Childbirth in AmericaRead MoreChild Labour and its Effects on Children and Their Families1720 Words   |  7 PagesFor the purpose of this essay, Britain will be concentrated on to discover the historical approach to child labour along with compulsory schooling, plus the effects this had on the lives of children and their families. The last two hundred years from the 1800’s to 2000 are explored to recognize the issues surrounding prolonging childhood in mainly Britain. It was here child labour was initially recognised in factories, mills and mines in the early nineteenth century. This essay will demonstrate theRead MoreChild Labor In The Industrial Revolution Essay1207 Words   |  5 Pagesof human history, child labor reached new extremes during the Industrial Revolution.There was a big impact on the daily life of a child labourer as poor children often worked full time jobs with minimal pay in order to help support their famil ies. Young children worked long hours in factories under dangerous conditions. children were easier to manage and control than adults because their size was perfect as it allowed them to move in small spaces in factories or mines.The practice of child labor continuedRead MoreFood Industry: Nestle CSR Strategy Essay 976 Words   |  4 PagesNestles has produced several poor issues pertaining to CSR strategies that include child labor, unethical promotion and sale of infant formula and use of Palm Oil. To begin with, the first poor issues pertaining to CSR is child labour. Child labour means â€Å"Child labour is work that affects children’s health and personal development, and interferes with, or stops, their education.† (Nestle) Back than, child labour was the major issues all over the world. Children shouldn’t be working because theyRead MoreChildren Working In The Factories during the British Industrial Revolution1316 Words   |  6 PagesThe British industrial revolution (1770 - 1850) had a super negative impact on the right of children. Since child labour was already a pervasive problem during the 17th century in Britain, the industrial revolution simply just made child labour even more overflowed. It was extremely unfair compare these thousands of children who worked non-stopping and suffered throughout their whole childhoods with the other normal kids who were at school and lived happily. However there had not been much thingsRead MoreHuman rights are the natural-born rights for every human being. The United Nations applied the1300 Words   |  6 Pagesby human trafficking. Currently there are more people who are trafficked and enslaved than the entire 18th and 19th centuries. Human trafficking and slavery are also gender-based violence. There are varieties of slavery, such as enforced child labour, forced labour, sex trading known as â€Å" white slavery†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦etc. This essay will be discussing and outlining Article 4 â€Å"No one shall be held in slavery or servitude†. Human trafficking is a social problem; it causes serious violation of human rights relatedRead MoreSimilar To Many Successful Enterprises, Terrorist Groups1399 Words   |  6 Pages2005, the International Labor Office (ILO) estimated total illicit profits â€Å"by trafficked forced labourers were estimated at US$32 billion† (ILO, 2014) annually. Of the $150 billion per year in illicit profits, over $50 billion is â€Å"made in forced labour exploitation, including nearly US$8 billion generated in domestic work by employers who use threats and coercion to pay no or low wages† (ILO, 2014). In addition to the exorbitant amount of total illicit profits, human trafficking can also be used

Diversity Management - 1730 Words

Introduction Workplace diversity practices refer to efforts organizations engage in to provide an inclusive corporate culture that values differences and promotes opportunities for all employees. Traditionally, diversity programs have focused mostly on race and gender and other physical dimensions. However, today ¡Ã‚ ¦s definition of diversity covers a broad spectrum of individual and group differences ranging from work styles and generational perspectives to political and religious preferences. The illustration below represents how diversity can be understood from a corporate/business point of view: Under the umbrella of diversity practices, organizations are employing methods of understanding and relationship-building that encourage†¦show more content†¦Disregarding these economic, demographic, and legislative trends can be devastating to companies, their employees, and the communities surrounding them. Companies unable or unwilling to change their policies and practices may suffer dire consequences. They may experience inter-group conflicts among their employees; they may limit their access to the pool of potentially talented employees; they may miss opportuniti es for creating alliances with business organizations; and they may be vulnerable to expensive lawsuits or government sanctions resulting in serious damage to their earnings, their public image, and their access to investment. In addition to the increasing policies and trends that relate to diversity, internal problems among employees are also often the cause of low productivity. Problems such as frustration about staff speaking other languages on the job, miscommunication due to limited or heavily accented English speaking employees, ethnic or racial slurs and jokes, and little social interaction between members of different groups can substantially limit performance. If a group of people working together don ¡Ã‚ ¦t get along, the quality of their output suffers. Organizations may also face charges of discrimination in promotions, pay and performance reviews by employees. Managers may be seen as favoring a particular group of employees over another. Such problems are guaranteed to affect an organizations productivity andShow MoreRelatedManagement of Diversity in Organization2147 Words   |  9 PagesManagement of Diversity in Organization Abstract Organizations have been becoming increasingly diverse in terms of gender, race, ethnicity, and nationality. This diversity brings substantial potential benefits such as better decision making, greater creativity and innovation, and more successful marketing to different types of customers. But, increasing cultural differences within a workforce also bring potential costs in higher turnovers, interpersonal conflicts, and communicational breakdowns.Read MoreThe Diversity And Cultural Diversity Management1634 Words   |  7 PagesïÆ'Ëœ Which advantages do Cultural Diversity and Cultural Diversity Management have ? The complexity of the current economic climate demands creative and innovative business approaches and presents the opportunity for growth in developing markets by addressing unexpected or counter-intuitive consumer needs. Shifting demographics, increasing purchasing power of non-traditional segments and a trend towards customization present a compelling case for viewing MasterCard’s business efforts through a diverseRead MoreDiversity Management2939 Words   |  12 PagesAbstract Although the advantage of managing diversity has been acknowledged by a number of researches and most managers in organizations, the practices of diversity used to be ignored or be inadequate. In Australia, the concepts of managing diversity have been introduced for more than two decades, whereas the overall performance is just about mediocre. This paper attempted to research the challenges accompanied by the introduction of diversity programs and to recommend solutions of thoseRead MoreManagement : Management Careers And Diversity Essay1744 Words   |  7 PagesManagement Careers and Diversity Introduction Ongori and Agolla (2007) state that managing workforce diversity in an organization is a complex phenomenon. They suggest that with the current organizational transformations being implemented across the globe, management of workforce diversity cannot be downplayed. Diversity in the workforce is based on the acknowledgement of the reality that people are different in more than one way, mainly in terms of culture and ethnicity, personality, religionRead MoreManagement Of Equality And Diversity1117 Words   |  5 PagesBe able to influence the management of equality and diversity in own area of responsibility. The table below highlights the observations and evaluation that I have conducted for the implementation of the University’s launch of the Equality Diversity Framework. The observation includes suggested actions and a timeframe on areas where I could influence or have responsibility and authority to change. The University implementation plan was to deliver the strategy through the development of a strategicRead MoreLeadership Initiative : Workforce Diversity Management996 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership Initiative in Workforce Diversity Management The authority of an association is tasked with the obligation of starting and driving the association s elements, cultivating productive practices and guaranteeing that their approaches and practices bolster the association s vision while being receptive to change. In overseeing various workforce, the leaders have to communicate. The changing workforce is one of the difficulties confronted by associations in the later past and most organizationsRead MoreDiversity Management Strategies913 Words   |  4 PagesDiversity management strategies IBM diversity management within the work place As explained by John (2011) IBM is the one of the biggest multinational company they are hires more than 400,000 employees over 200 countries. They recruit scientists, sales professionals, consultants and engineers. Even in the department level there are various background peoples working together for achieve common goal. So the managing several background employees are very important to increase productivity and teamRead MoreEffective Diversity Management Essay1485 Words   |  6 Pagesof work population. Managing diversity is over merely acknowledging variations in individuals. It involves recognizing the worth of differences, promoting inclusiveness and combating or uprooting discrimination. Managers may be challenged with losses in personnel and work productivity because of prejudice and discrimination and complaints and legal actions against the organization (Devoe, 1999). Negative attitudes and behaviors may be barriers to organizational diversity as a result of they will da mageRead MoreGlobal Diversity Management at Ericsson1598 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction In response to the growing diversity in the workforce around the world, many companies have instituted specific policies and programs to enhance recruitment, inclusion, promotion, and retention of employees who are different from the privileged echelons of society. The privileged groups may vary from one country to the next. The workforce of the world is a dynamic environment, and in order for this dynamism to be put to use for the benefit of organizations, they must develop an effectiveRead MoreLiterature Review On Diversity Management Essay1489 Words   |  6 Pagescountries, diversity management has evolved as an important aspect taken into consideration by many organizations. This is mainly due to the migration of expatriates, globalization and initiatives taken for fairness, equal opportunity and social justice(Rainey2, 2014). In last few decades, the entire world and organizations has faced a significant increase in the demographic diversity of the workplace. Many policies hav e been formulated by the organizations all over the world to control diversity management

Antigone And Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. s Letter From...

In Sophocles’ Antigone and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†, Antigone and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. used resistance against powerful leaders to follow their morals and make a statement. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s approach towards the reconstruction of society’s cultural understanding of segregation used civil disobedience in a more public and large-scale approach, whereas Antigone’s use of civil disobedience defied the law in a much more private, small-scale way to do what she believed what was right. Compared to Antigone, Dr. King’s approach was more strategic and planned out. In addition to Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s advocacy for equal treatment and Antigone’s dedication to obey the gods, they used†¦show more content†¦Dr. King was looking for support from members of society in order to create an effective change in society’s ethics. Moreover, Dr. Martin Luther Kin g, Jr.’s large audience and public movement used nonviolent tactics, such as sit-ins, marches, and freedom rides to put the Civil Rights Movement in action. Before directly acting against the law, Dr. King had used other means to try to obtain justice for all; he used the four basic steps of a nonviolent campaign to decide how he would approach this cultural issue of racism: determination of whether injustices exist, negotiation, self-purification, and direct action (King 1). After the first three steps of his nonviolent campaign proved to be ineffective, he decided to seek direct action through a large demonstration of civil disobedience. Dr. King had a tremendous impact on the segregation issue in not just Birmingham, but the entire country, by leading the Civil Rights Movement, which eventually helped influence anti-segregation legislation such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that affected a massive population of the entire country. Although Dr. King’s journey ended in his assassination, his relentless passion for equal rights was empowering to many and helped to create a more just society. In Antigone, Polyneices’ rebellious battle against his brother, Eteocles, the King of Thebes, resulted in the death of both brothers, and left Kreon as the new King of Thebes. Because of Polyneices’ rebellion, Kreon created a lawShow MoreRelatedThe Fight for Social Justice Essay892 Words   |  4 Pagescomes at a great cost to those involved. Through writings such as Dr. Martin Luther King’s â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† and Sophocles’ â€Å"Antigone†, as well as, lectures such as Dr.Colbourn’s lecture â€Å"Confronting History and the Good Life: Life after Rosewood† it is demonstrated how life, freedom, and a normal everyday life suffer as a cost of fighting for social justice and the common good. To begin with, Dr. Martin Luther King as well as many other African- Americans fought for equality, socialRead MoreAntigone And Martin Luther Kings Letter From Birmingham Jail831 Words   |  4 Pagesproblem. Dr King’s letter explains how he knew he broke the law by blocking a road, but did it due to the racism and injustices that were happening. In Antigone, she buries her brother even though he was not meant to, and due to she is a female and that she broke the law that was unjust her consequence is to die. Sophocles’ Antigone and Martin Luther King’s â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail,† explore a common theme that law sometimes conflicts with justice through the characters of Antigone, Creon, andRead MoreCivil Disobedience, And Martin Luther King Jr. s Letter From Birmingham Jail1018 Words   |  5 PagesHistoric figures such as Rosa Parks, Mahatma Gandhi, and Martin Luther King Jr. all acted civilly disobedience, but society benefitted from their move ments. Civil disobedience is the underlying theme of Sophocles’ Antigone and Martin Luther King Jr.’s Letter From Birmingham Jail. The main character of Sophocles’ Antigone, Antigone, acts civil disobedience, just as Dr. King acted civilly disobedient. Both Antigone and Martin Luther King Jr. fought to gain justice for the people who they believed wereRead MoreEssay on Antigone: Martin Luther Kings Nonviolent Campaign1041 Words   |  5 Pages Martin Luther King, Jr. defines â€Å"civil disobedience† as a way to show others what to do when a law is unjust and unreasonable. As King stated in the letter from Birmingham, â€Å"Any law that uplifts human personality is just. Any law that degrades human personality is unjust.† When Negros were being treated unfairly, Martin Luther King, Jr. stepped in to show people how to peacefully protest and not be violent. The dictionary definition of civil disobedience is the refusal to comply with

Chapter Notes free essay sample

Eloquence prized in ancient India Africa and china, Aztec etc * Classic Greece and Rome apart of civil life * Aristotle rhetoric composed during the 3rd century Bcc still condensed most Important work on Its subject- principals are followed by speakers today ; Roman leader Cicero used speeches to defend liberty * Objective apply methods and strategies to cheese Similarities between public speaking and conversation 1.Organizing thoughts logically 2. Tailoring message to audience 3. Telling a story for maximum impact 4. Adapting to listener feedback Differences between public speaking and conversation * Public speaking Is more highly structured- Imposes strict time limitations and no questions or commentary. Speaker must anticipate questions and answer them.More detailed planning and prep than ordinary conversation Public speaking requires more formal language- listeners react negatively who do not elevate and polish their language * Public speaking requires different method of devilry Developing Confidence * Stage fright- anxiety over the prospect f giving a speech In front of an audience Adrenaline- hormone released into bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress * Positive nervousness-controlled nervousness that helps energize speaker for her or his presentation Dealing with nervousness: 1 . We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter Notes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Acquire speaking experience 2. Prepare a. Pick speech topics you care about b. Rule of thumb each minute of speaking time requires one or two hours of OFF c. Confidence 4. Power of visualization d. Visualization- mental imaging in which a speaker vividly picture shimmies or herself giving a successful presentation e. Think you will do well and you will . Know most nervousness is onto visible 6. Dont expect perfection f. TAKE SLOW DEEP BREATHES g. REST h. Tighten and relax leg muscles I. Work hard on intro J. Make eye contact k.Use visual aids Public Speaking and Critical Thinking * Critical thinking- focused organized thinking about things as the logical relationships among ideas soundness of evidence and differences between fact and opinion * Organizing speech important part of shaping ideas themselves Speech Communication Process * Speaker- person who is presenting an oral message too listener * Success of beaker depends on you- credibility, knowledge, prep, manner of speaking etc * Message- whatever a speaker communicates to someone else * Goal of public speaking is to have your intended message to be the message that is actually communicated * What you say and how you say it * Channel- means by which a message is communicated * Listener- person who receives the speakers message * Fame of reference- sum of a persons knowledge experience goals values and attitudes. Not two people can have exactly the same frame of reference * To b e an effective speaker you must be audience centered- * Feedback- messages usually nonverbal sent from a listener to a shearer * Two way communicator * Interference-anything that impedes communication of a message. Chapter Notes free essay sample Colonies a protected market for low price consumer goods Sugar Act- raise tax on molasses; Woolen Act- banned export of American wool products; Hat Act- hats cant be traded with other colonies; Stamp Act- tax on paper reduces Champagne Charley Townsend -? Townsend acts -? tax on glass, paper, tea, etc. Committees of Correspondence formed by Samuel Adams resistance spread through propaganda BEES was going out of business, so parliament made their prices super low (with a hidden tax); angered colonists Boston Tea Parry mostly merchants with onlookers Intolerable (Coercive) Acts passed in retaliation: Boston Port act closed port until tea paid for; Quartering Act British troops lodged everywhere; Quebec Act took away Canadas rep. Assembly, extended borders to below GreatLakes region, made Catholicism the religion; Admit of Justice Act English officials accused of murdering colon sits while enforcing royal stuff tried in England; Gob. Act no more assembly 1 SST Continental Congress meets b/c this; 12/13 colonies represented; The Continental Association formed boycott on all British goods; Suffolk Resolves said Mass. We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter Notes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Didnt follow Into. Acts, put Mass. In a state of rebellion (according to British), provisional gob. For Mass. W/ tax, defensive measures taken Created loyalists, patriots, fence ridersCommittees would burn British imports and make the merchant publicly apologize The King ordered General Gage to quell the Rude Rabble by arresting John H and Samuel A England denies repeals made by the ICC , and sends troops to capture Sam Adams, John Hancock, and gunpowder Lexington and concord 700 B troops, 70 MM -8 MM killed, 1 B killed 8 troops continue to Concord, but its empty of people, so they go back to Boston on the return march, colonists shot from hidden areas 273 B casualties, 92 MM casualties Colonies began besieging BostonAfrican Americans took Englands side more John Riley (a soldier) was jailed for hitting a local butcher (riot formed when 20 friends tried to help him) Boston Massacre Soldier who hit a kid was tried, John Adams defended him, found not guilty 100+ men burn a British schooner the Gasped Affair -? commander wounded Gasped was used to enforce the Sugar Act King sends commissi oner to find the bad people and try them in England for treason people scared it threatened constitutional rights Marquis De Lafayette was a major general in the colonial army (theFrench gamecock) No gun factories existed in the colonies, so the France alliance greatly helped them out Valley Forge the rebels went 3 days without food; there were also shortages in manufactured items, like clothing and shoes Some rebels werent ready to fight, so drillmasters got 7-8,000 ready The 2nd continental congress put George Washington in charge of the army in Boston Colonists were stating their loyalty to the King while taking defensive (and offensive) actions against the British Under Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold, British garrisons were captured at Ticonderoga and CrownPoint Colonists seized Bunker (Breeds) Hill Olive Branch Petition American loyalty to the King, asked king to stop attacking rejected German Hessians hired by England more into booty than duty British burnt places (Falmo uth and Norfolk), colonists attacked Canada Thomas Paine Common Sense said they should get independence T Paine said there should be republicanism, where power came from people Richard Henry Lees declaring independence statement was passed July 2; TX wrote DCE. Of mind. Approved July 4, 1776 Loyalists -? Tories (a thing whose dead is in England, and its body in America, and its neck ought to be stretched); Patriots Whig Loyalists strongest where the Anglican church was the strongest; least numerous in EN Patriots numerous-est. where Presbyterianism and Congregationalism were Loyalists treated really badly after DCE of Mind, and most fled Washington greatly outnumbered at Battle of Long Island escaped to Manhattan Island General William Howe didnt really try to go after them, and Washington captured k Hessians George Washington was defeated at Brandywine Creek and Germantown by Howe;

Marijuana is a drug tha... free essay sample

Marijuana is a drug that is constantly being discussed about. People are always debating whether it should be legalized or not. Some say no, others say yes, and some yes with minor restrictions. In todays generation marijuana is very popular. Marijuana is used for many purposes by teens and adults. Whether its for escaping a high, escaping depression, or for medical purposes, marijuana has impacted the lives of humans in a lively manner. When looking at the benefits, there is no doubt that marijuana should be legalized. Legalizing marijuana will help with revenue and reduce crime rate. It has been proven that marijuana is safer than alcohol and tobacco. Even though marijuana does have its cons. There are way more positive things that can come out marijuana being legalized than negative.First off marijuana should be legalized because its safer than tobacco and alcohol. According to the Disease Control and Prevention, 480,000 people died in the United States and 6 million died worldwide to due smoking tobacco. We will write a custom essay sample on Marijuana is a drug tha or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Smoking can cause heart disease, stroke, cancer, lung cancer and problems with the immune system. On the other hand alcohol had caused 88,000 deaths per year in the United States and 2.5 million deaths worldwide. Drinking alcohol can cause liver and heart disease, cancer of the throat and mouth and can cause mental health problems. Cannabis is one of the very few drugs that are not too harmful. The use of marijuana has not resulted in millions of deaths or cancer cases. Marijuana has never been directly responsible for any deaths, mainly because the amount necessary to overdose is not physically possible to ingest. Marijuana has a lot of health benefits that tobacco does not have. Marijuana is illegal and tobacco and alcohol are legal when they are the leading causes of death. However it can have negative effects on mental and physical health. Like caffeine and alcohol cannabis affects the levels of dopamine in our brain, resulting as a sense of euphoria or relaxation. Cannabis can also affect brain development. If used correctly it can benefit the user. It clearly shows that marijuana is proven to be less harmful than alcohol and tobacco.The legalization of marijuana can help with medical purposes. For the past years marijuana has been used to treat serious health problems, particularly cancer. Marijuana has chemicals known as cannabinoids. The main ones are THC and CBD. THC gives people the pleasurable effect that pot smokers look for, however it also has some effects that may treat medical problems. CBD can be helpful for some health issues thats doesnt cause you to get high. Marijuana can help ease nausea, pain, and increase appetite for people who have cancer or AIDS.Marijuana is a powerful appetite stimulant for patients who suffer from HIV or eating disorders like anorexia. Some studies show marijuana can cut down seizures for people who have epilepsy. It can also ease sclerosis symptoms like spasms, pain, and muscle stiffness. Cannabis can also be used to treat chemotherapy. It has been proven to have health benefits for more than just cancer patients. Despite all the documented records of marijuana being a medicine, the government classifies it as a schedule one drug. Drugs that fall under the category of schedule one drug are LCD, meth, crack, and heroin. In order for a drug to fall under the schedule one drug, the drug has to have no medical uses nor can the drug have a high potential for abuse. Cannabis isnt physically addictive, when compared to other legal drug abuse problems, cannabis is far less severe.However, marijuana does have its side affects. People who smoke sometimes tend to become unmotivated at work or in school. In a surey, 53% of people who smoked expoierced a loss of motivarion. The loss of motivation is due to how cannabis affect the brain. Long term marjuana users have lower levels of dopamine, a chemial in the brain that is responsible for morivation. Like other drugs, there may be arisk of addiction. When a person stops using cannabis, cannaboid receptors must adjust back to normal levels which can leads to pysical and psychological withfrawl syptoms. Users who tried to quit experienced withdrawl syptoms such as difficulty sleeping, decreased apettite, and irritability. Many users say they feel dizzy after smoking, particillary when they get up. The individuals who experienced severe diziness alsho showed a decrease in blood pressure. However, frequent users can develop a toleerance to many short term affects, icluding dizziness. Longer term affects depend on how much you use, how you take it, and how often you use it. Although smoking marijuana can have its negative effects, if it is used correctly it can benefit the user.Legalizing marijuana will help reduce crime rate, including homicide. We believe that marijuana legalization poses no threat of increased violent crime. , Robert Morris told the Huffington Post. Associate professor of criminology at UT Dallas, Morris and his colleagues looked at crime rates from all 50 states from 1990 to 2006. There is no evidence of increases in crimes for the states after the legalization of marijuana. There was even decline for homicide and assault after the passing of this legislation. Any increases in criminality resulting from marijuana may be explained by its illegality, rather than the substance itself. Alcohol is a much more significant factor than marijuana when it comes to violent crrime. 25 percent to 30 percent of violent crimes are linked to alcohol use, a report from the National Insititute on Alchol abuse and Alchholism. Alchol is a drug with the mosty evdence to support a direct intocication violenvr relationship. Cannabis   reduces likilood of violence during intoxication. THC which is the active ingredient in marijunna actually decreases aggressive and violent behavior.Legalizing marijuana can help create good revenue an boost the economy. Just like other goods and medication, the legalization of marijuana can make huge profits. In the first 6 months of 2014, Colorado pulled more than 25 million dollars in pot related tax revenue. According to the latest analysis by the Nerdwallet, if all 50 states legalized marijuana, the country could gain over $3 billion in tax revenue. This large potential profit can extremely be helpful. The money can be used to better education, develop the justice system, improve healthcare, payoff   countrys debt, help the poor, and strengthen unfunded government programs.Colorados experience suggests starting a legal cannabis industry is one of the most efficient ways to generate new economic activity. An analysis from the Marijuana Policy Group shows that legal weed created 18,005 full time jobs and added about $2.4 billion to the states economy last year. Acording to a 2010 study from Cato, legalizing marijuana would be taxed similar to tobacco and alcohol. The income earned would be subject to standard sales and income tax. Legalzing cannabis would generate $8.7 billion in federal and state tax revenue annually. Legalizing marijuana can produce jobs, weed has to be grown, processed, packaged and sold. Legal weed is protected to boost the economy and lower the unemployment rate.As studies show there are few health risks but has more positive health factors. Marijuana has been proven to have medical uses and doesnt have a high potential for abuse. Somehow it is still classified in the same category with some of the deadliest drugs on this planet. Illegal or not ,people will still smoke marijuana not caring thats its illegal. Why not just legalize it but have some minor restrictions to it?

Principles of Wound Management in Clinical Environment

Question: Discuss about the Principles of Wound Management in Clinical Environment. Answer: Introduction: Arginine has around 32% nitrogen which possesses several functions in would healing. This includes stimulation of proteins regeneration and accelerating insulin secretion thus enough glucose is produced for energy in the creation of new cells. In addition, arginine is a basic donor of nitric oxide which increases oxygen and blood flow to the wound site thus, in turn, increasing collagen formation and minimizing inflammation. Arginine also helps in transportation of amino acids into the cells (Alexander, Supp, 2014). Hunan growth hormone (HCG) is one of the potent anabolic hormones that are cost effective and safest since it is produced by the body and it is increased through proper nutrition. One of the anabolic effects of HCG is that it raises the influx and reduces the efflux of amino acids into the cell. It also increases cell proliferation through protein synthesis and production of new tissues. In addition to that, the hormone also stimulates production of Insulin-like Growth factor 1 by the liver which is another anabolic agent thus raising its anabolism effects. HCG normally increases the metabolism of fats in the body as preferable nutrients for energy production thus leaving the proteins for cell growth (Amso, Cornish, Brimble, 2016). Hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO2) Hyperbaric oxygenation involves the use of 100% oxygen using a pressure that is much higher than the atmospheric pressure. The therapy has been applied in the treatment of chronic wounds that fail to heal using complementary treatment (Skiba, Pedrycz, 2016). This includes wounds like a diabetic foot, traumatic wounds, frontier gangrene, skin grafts, and radiation cystitis. Hyperbaric oxygenation therapy has two basic mechanisms of action which include hyperoxygenation and reduction of the bubble size (Skiba, Pedrycz, 2016). In hyperoxygenation, the basic principles involve the application of Henry's law and result in a rise of the dissolved oxygen in tissues due to an increase in partial pressure of capillary oxygen. Decrease in bubble size work in such a way due to an increase in pressure the bubble size decrease proportionally normally applicable in arterials embolism (Skiba, Pedrycz, 2016). However, there are some contraindications of the use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy which include conditions like untreated pneumothorax since it can lead to the establishment of tension pneumothorax (Skiba, Pedrycz, 2016). In addition, the therapy cannot be used while using some medications like Bleomycin which can lead to interstitial pneumonitis. Some medication has a mechanism of action opposite to that of hyperbaric oxygen therapy which includes Cisplatin and Sufamylon (Skiba, Pedrycz, 2016). Hypothermia normally decreases neutrophil function or else impair its functions indirectly thus leading to vasoconstriction and tissue hypoxia. In that case, studies have demonstrated that hypothermia in patients with wounds increases hospitalization by 20%. Maintaining normothermia increases neutrophil activities, arterial vasodilation thus increasing oxygen perfusion. In addition, normothermia reduces hospitalization thus reducing the risk for infections (Tsai, Hsu, Lin, 2014). The silver-containing dressing is normally used in the management of infected wounds and those that are associated to be in risk of infection (Tsai, Hsu, Lin, 2014). Silver have shown that it can provide antimicrobial activity to highly resistant bacteria like MRSA and VRE since it has a broad spectrum antimicrobial activity plus it has low tendency to induce resistance due to its activity at various target sites on bacteria (Tsai, Hsu, Lin, 2014). Cell Proliferation Induction (CPI) treatment normally increase the proliferation of epithelial cells and fibroblast in terms of amount and time. In addition to that, through the use of calcium-dependent pathway, the use of CPI treatment usually causes a sudden release of diffusible growth factors. This, in turn, leads to rapid stimulation and advancement of the growth cycle. Therefore, CPI acts as a way of promoting and fastening wounds healing process especially the chronic wounds that fail or delay to heal in certain stages (Hampton, 2016). Hyaluronic acid is a naturally occurring biodegradable polysaccharide that has non-immunogenic functions. The body uses the compound to hydrate dry and old skin as well as reducing wrinkles in the old skin. However, hyaluronic acid is used in the treatment of bed sores, wounds, and sunburns (Voigt, Driver, 2012). In would healing, Hyaluronic acid is involved in the early response to injury normally acting alongside fibrin to support epithelial cells and fibroblast influx into the site of injury thus promoting granulation of tissues. Tropical application of Hyaluronic acid has proven to be effective in chronic wounds treatment (Voigt, Driver, 2012). Negative pressure therapy is among the current medical procedures that use the vacuum dressing to promote wounds healing. This method normally uses a dressing that is sealed and attached to a pump to establish and develop a negative pressure environment in the wound (Tilley, Lipson, Ramos, 2016). There are various types of wounds that negative pressure wound therapy can benefit highly which include venous ulcers, diabetic ulcers, pressure ulcers, first and second degree burns, surgical and acute wounds which are at high risk for infection, arterial ulcers and wounds with large amount of drainage (Tilley, Lipson, Ramos, 2016). The debridement methods include surgical and sharp debridement, mechanical debridement, autolytic, enzymatic debridement, chemical debridement and biological debridement. Surgical debridement is highly selective and normally produces rapid results and also should be performed by a qualified doctor (Voigt, Driver, 2012) Inflammation phase- This is a body natural response to of the body to any injury which includes hemostasis and inflammation. It is characterized by edema, erythema, pain and heat (Harries, Bosanquet, Harding, 2016). Proliferative stage- This stage includes granulation, contraction, and epithelialization of cells and tissues. Remodeling and maturation This include formation of new collagens resulting to healing and a scar are finally formed (Harries, Bosanquet, Harding, 2016). If any of the stages is missed or delayed it results in chronic wounds and failure of healing (Harries, Bosanquet, Harding, 2016). References Alexander, J., Supp, D. (2014). The role of Arginine and Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Wound Healing and Infection.Advances In Wound Care,3(11), 682-690.doi.org/10.1089/wound.2013.0469 Amso, Z., Cornish, J., Brimble, M. (2016). Short Anabolic Peptides for Bone Growth.Medicinal Research Reviews,36(4), 579-640. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/med.21388 Hampton, S. (2016). Dressing selection for older people with open wounds.Nursing And Residential Care,18(10), 524-525. Harries, R., Bosanquet, D., Harding, K. (2016). Wound bed preparation: TIME for an update.International Wound Journal,13(S3), 8-14.doi.org/10.1111/iwj.12662 Skiba, M., Pedrycz, A. (2016). Influence of hyperbaric oxygenation and its use in urinary tract diseases.Polish Hyperbaric Research,56(3). Tilley, C., Lipson, J., Ramos, M. (2016). Palliative Wound Care for Malignant Fumigating Wounds.Nursing Clinics Of North America,51(3), 513-531. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cnur.2016.05.006 Tsai, C., Hsu, H., Lin, C. (2014). Treatment of Chronic Wounds With the Silver-Containing Activated Carbon Fiber Dressing: Three Cases.Journal Of Medical Cases,5(11), 587-591. https://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jmc1960w Voigt, J., Driver, V. (2012). Hyaluronic acid derivatives and their healing effect on burns, Epithelial surgical wounds, and chronic wounds: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Wound Repair And Regeneration,20(3), 317-331.

Research Paper on Vaccines Essay Example

Research Paper on Vaccines Essay The term â€Å"vaccines† refers to special preparations, which are made up of killed or weakened pathogens or their waste products. These biological preparations get their name from smallpox vaccination, which was made from cowpox virus. The technique of antigen inoculation to the patient is called vaccination or immunization. English physician Edward Jenner was the first to discover the healing power of vaccines in 1796. I was he, who artificially inoculated vaccinia virus to the child. In the issue, the child had developed immunity to smallpox. French scientist Louis Pasteur, founder of Medical Microbiology, laid the foundations of the scientific theory of therapeutic vaccination. Vaccines have stood in the way of many extremely difficult and dangerous infectious diseases that had previously been considered untreatable. Among these diseases are noted children’s polio and tuberculosis, which are treated successfully enough using vaccination. Vaccination can prevent measles, whooping cough, tetanus, gas gangrene, diphtheria, and many other infection diseases. It is impossible to overestimate the contribution that the vaccination has made to the fight against infectious diseases. This simple method of treatment and prevention of diseases undoubtedly saved millions of lives around the world. In their research papers on vaccines, medical students have to elaborate on the background and history of the origin of vaccination, tell about the pioneers in this field, who first took the liberty to use a virus of a deadly infectious disease in order to save the lives of their patients. The formation of the scientific theory of the treatment infectious diseases using weakened or killed bacteria must be traced by the investigators all the way from the beginning. It is necessary to show what results have been achieved by vaccination and find out in what areas of modern medicine the use of vaccination brings new and unexpected results. There is also need to talk about vaccines and autism and explain what edible and DNA vaccines are. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Vaccines specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Vaccines specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Vaccines specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer To write a good research paper, an author must comply with the standards of research papers writing and requirements of scientific style. These measures provide an unambiguous perception and evaluation of data by readers. According to these standards, the main part of your work should present results of your research along with the arguments on how they relate to the main idea of the paper. In addition to that, you need to compare the results with the initial goal of the work, the value of your results for future research. With all said, we can anticipate that some of the students will have some troubles in writing their paper. For these students there are many free example research papers on the Web that will surely help them understand the standards of proper research paper writing. Are you looking for a top-notch custom written research paper on Vaccines topics? Is confidentiality as important to you as the high quality of the product? Try our writing service at EssayLib.com! We can offer you professional assistance at affordable rates. Our experienced Ph.D. and Master’s writers are ready to take into account your smallest demands. We guarantee you 100% authenticity of your paper and assure you of dead on time delivery: Please, feel free to visit us at EssayLib.com and learn more about our service!

Should We Have Mandatory Drug Testing For Professional Athletes

Raising Young Genii Learning Several Languages in the Early Years

Raising Young Genii Learning Several Languages in the Early Years Introduction: In the Most Tender Age Plunging into the second-language environment can be considered quite a stressful ordeal for a person, no matter how well (s)he can adapt to the new surroundings, with the language issue at the top of all the complexities that may possibly arise. Rather uncomfortable experience for an adult, the given situation should be traumatizing for a child as well, which the necessity to offer the strategies of foreign language mastering in the early years is predetermined with.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Raising Young Genii: Learning Several Languages in the Early Years specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Because of the difference in the vision of the world, the pace of the intellectual development and a number of other factors, children display a different attitude towards learning two or more languages as compared to the adults (Nikolov, 2009). However, because of the complexities conne cted with teaching children second foreign language, the arguments against the given issue may arise. Therefore, it is necessary to figure out whether the early foreign languages teaching is reasonable enough, taking into account the existing theories. Multilingualism and Competent Language Learning When speaking of the teaching at the tender age, it is necessary to provide the definition for the given stage of a child’s development and draw the line between the early years and the childhood. In the given case, it would be most reasonable to resort to the definition offered by an early age stretches from the day of birth to the age of three, suggesting that at the given stage, â€Å"there is a gradual development of features that become recognized as ‘adult second language acquisition’ after approximately age 7† (Philp, Oliver and Mackey, 2008, p.27). However, some researchers, like Whitehead (2010), tend to think that the cognized learning takes place at the age from 0 to 7 (p.218). Whet talking about the process of teaching children the foreign language, the competent language learning is to be differentiated from the phenomenon of bi- and multilingualism, since the latter does not presuppose a conscious process and, hence, cannot be considered learning, as Knapp Seidhofer (2009) explain: â€Å"On a societal level, multiculturalism can be defined as the presence of more than one language in the society† (p.54). Taking a Theoretical Approach: Learning the Ideas of the Coryphaei When speaking about the issue of teaching the youngest children foreign languages, one must consider the arguments pro and contra the given idea. Obviously, teaching children of tender age does have its benefits, yet there are considerable difficulties in helping small children master a foreign language. With that in mind, it is necessary to consider several theories concerning the second language teaching tactics as well as the advantages and the dra wbacks that such children possess from the viewpoint of a foreign language teacher. When considering various aspects of teaching children several languages in their earliest years, it would be most reasonable to consider several viewpoints, thus, offering an extensive overview of the existing opinions on the given issue. Since the given question is rather disputable and requires thorough considerations, the versatility of opinions is more than welcomed in the given case.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One of the first people whose ideas are to be considered is Jerome Bruner. Offering rather specific approach to the given issue, the researcher claimed that the language issue and the family relationships are closely intertwined and are actually interdependent on each other. Therefore, Bruner’s theory correlates with the idea that, together with the language skills, chi ldren obtain the necessary communicational skills that help them reach their top in the society and become its decent members (Harris, 1992). Judging from the notorious example driven by Rymer (1992), people who have not been taught to use the language and the linguistic tools properly are highly unlikely to ever integrate into the society and even survive. Therefore, obtaining the necessary experience from his/her parents, a child also gets the required language skills which are supposed to help him/her in the nearest future and contribute to his/her development: â€Å"As Bruner expresses it, the child’s knowledge of the social context – and especially of the routines that occur with it – assists the child to â€Å"crack the code† of the language that accompanies social interaction† (35). Hence, it is obvious that the scientist intertwines the aspects of learning the language and integrating into the society, thus, broadening the list of the commu nicational skills. Another important idea was offered by Piaget (Beilin Pufall, 1992) and suggested quite a different perception of the role of the language in a child’s development. According to Paiget, Beilin Pufall (1992) claim, children of rather young age demonstrate keen understanding of the linguistic issues that are rather complicated and require thorough explanations to elder children and teenagers. As Beilin Pufall (1992) claim, after the exploration that was held by Piaget, â€Å"the results of the experiments, especially in the production task, showed parallels in the way 6- and 7-year-old children constructed this type of semantic invariance and their construction of quantitative invariants† (219). Claiming that children build certain schemes that allow them to operate the language and use it correctly, the scientist emphasizes the necessity to contribute to the early development of children, enhancing their need to acquire new linguistic knowledge (Bei lin Pufall, 1992). The last, but not the least, the theory that Gardner offers is also worth certain discussions. Basing his ideas on his own vision of the way children develop and the role that language plays in the given process, the author focuses his attention on the multiple aspects of knowledge that learning several languages in childhood presupposes. According to the definition offered by the scientist himself,Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Raising Young Genii: Learning Several Languages in the Early Years specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More I would also like to introduce the concept of an individual-centered school that takes this multifaceted view of intelligence seriously. This model for a school is based in part on findings from sciences that did not even exist in Binet’s time: cognitive sciences (the study of the mind) and neuro-science (the study of the brain). One such approach I have called my â€Å"theory of multiple intelligences.† (Gardner 48) Hence, the last theory is based on the cultural versatility that studying foreign languages offers. Incorporating the three above-mentioned theories, one can offer a synthesis that makes the ultimate proof that studying foreign languages in early age is crucial for the development of a child. Since the learning of foreign languages has the positive impact on the child’s general development and also offers the basis for the future harmonic coexistence with the other nations, studying foreign languages at early age is essential for a child. Fast Learning: The Privilege of Children Despite the skeptical doubts of the people who think that young children too inexperienced to handle the task of learning another langue, some scientists claim that at the young age, most children possess the specific kills that allow them to absorb the specific knowledge instantly without any misconceptions. Caused by the specific way that small children cognize the environment with, it brings astounding results. As Singleton Lengyel (1995) assert, â€Å"there can be no doubt that children at an early age, especially in natural contexts, but also in tutored contexts, can learn and do learn secondary languages† (77). Indeed, studying the second language at the early age has its benefits in terms of the speed and the quality of the studying process. According to what Benson Haith (2009) say, children from 0 to 7 years obviously pass the stage that involves an unbelievable accelerated development, which predetermines the children’s ability to master a foreign language almost instantly: â€Å"The assumption underlying both of those is that the early years constitute, if not a critical period, an important window of opportunity to maximize likelihood of mastering a musical instrument or learning a second language† (p.144). Indeed, considering the behaviorist theory of human development and the fact t hat children tend to copy the people surrounding them with an amazing precision, one can claim that teaching young children the basics of foreign languages can be considered rather sensible idea by â€Å"theoretical questioning of behaviorist theories of language learning†(Ellis, 1990, p.44). In addition, according to Ellis (1990, p.44), a number of other theories approved of teaching children at quite a young age: â€Å"the vast majority of the studies examined either pure naturalistic or mixed L2 acquisition† (1990, p.44).Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When reconsidering the significance of teaching children various languages at the earliest stages of their development, the notorious case of Genie, the feral child who is known to be the most striking example of the progressing underdevelopment experienced by a child whose ability to talk has been suppressed and who had no chance to develop their skills for mastering the language since the day they were born. As Rymer (1992) emphasizes, there is a constant urge in developing the language skills within any human being, and the level of mastering the language predetermines the level of self-development. Rymer (1992) explained that â€Å"Investigations of Genies brain unveiled the utter dominance of her spatial right hemisphere over her linguistic left This may have been why she was unable to grasp grammarbecause she was using the wrong equipment† (Rymer, 1992, p.43). Hence, the necessity to develop children’s ability to use various language tools efficiently is crucial for their further mental development. On a Second Thought: Avoiding the Pitfalls It is evident that without the proper development of the linguistic skills and the ability to talk correctly, using the language in the proper way, a child is highly unlikely to develop in a normal way; moreover, the most dreadful consequences, such as the process of mental retardation, the complexities in adapting to the environment and the society that surrounds the given child, and the ability to communicate his/her own needs and wants is inevitable. Moreover, the shift in the mental development of a child is highly unlikely to ever cease and is extremely complicated to fight, which predetermines the necessity to teach children the linguistic skills at rather young age (Bialystok, Luk Kwan, 2005). However, even though the early development of children’s linguistic skills does seem crucial for their further well-being and the ability to adapt to the society and social norms, the question conce rning the reasonability of teaching very young children the second language arises. According to what Rapaport and Westgate (1974) claim, there are no obvious contra-indications for children o be taught foreign languages at the earliest stages of their development. As the scientists assert, when a teacher chooses the right methods for teaching children the skills that will allow them to master a foreign language, such children start developing better and faster, which signifies that they are integrating into the society more quickly than the rest of the children of their age group, which must be a clear-cut evidence that studying a foreign language at the early age is desirable. As Rapaport and Westgate (1974) say, learning the foreign language at early age helps to overcome cultural controversies: There has also been a revival of interest in the â€Å"horizon-broadening aspect,† the notion of a foreign language as a healthy antidote to an otherwise monocultural education of young children. Prejudice derives from ignorance, and in the current world context a wholly ethnocentric view of culture and education has no place. (12) Hence, it cannot be denied that teaching children foreign languages at the early stages of development is crucial for the children’s vision of the world. Offering children studying another language equals to teaching them cultural and ethical tolerance. Therefore, the importance of teaching young children foreign languages cannot be disputed. The Helping Hand of the Professionals: The Analysis Analyzing the above-mentioned approaches towards teaching young children foreign language, one must admit that the reasons of the authoritative sources are quite impressive. According to the evidence provided by the authors of the existing theories of speech development and the significance of foreign language learning, the more languages a child can master, the better. Certainly, no instances of forced foreign language learning should occur, for the child may be reluctant from studying foreign language in the future and even feel aversion towards learning new languages (Bocher, 2003). Nevertheless, it cannot be doubted that the necessity to offer a child to acquire new language skills is quite important for the further development of his/her personality. Moreover, when considering the development of children’s language and communication skills, especially concerning the second language, on must keep in mind that the process of cognizing another culture and another language is rather fragile and requires a delicate approach. As Nolan (2004) warns, â€Å"In school, when children from marginalized discourses are required to produce language, the judgments about their linguistic abilities that (even if unspoken) are already in the classroom serve to undermine their motivation† (p.43). Therefore, teaching children the second language is not only the constant, irreversible process of development, but als o a range of conflicting situations that require immediate solution (Saunders-Semonsky, 2004). Conclusion: When It Comes to Understanding According to the evidence provided by scientists and researchers, learning foreign languages at early age is not only a harmless, but also a highly desirable activity. Owing to the courses of the second language that children take at the age up to 7, their communication skills, as well as their mental development, are constantly progressing. Therefore, it cannot be doubted that with the help of teaching children foreign languages at the age from 1 to 7, one will be able to help the child achieve comprehensive development, which will contribute to his/her future success and emotional comfort. References Beilin, H., Pufall, P. B., 1992. Piaget’s theory: Prospects and possibilities. New York, NY: Routledge. Benson, J. B., Haith, M. M., 2009. Language, memory, and cognition in infancy  and early childhood. Waltham, MA: Academic Press. Boche r, S., Jones, J., 2003. Child language development: Learning to talk. New York, Y: John Wiley Sons. Bialystok, E., Luk, G., Kwan, E. (2005). Bilingualism, biliteracy, and learning to read: Interactions among languages and writing systems. Scientific Studies of Reading, 9(1), pp.43-61. Ellis, R., 1990. Instructed second language acquisition: Learning in the classroom.  New York, NY: Wiley-Blackwell. Gardner, H., 2006. The development and education for the mind: The selected works  of Howard Gardner. New York, NY: TaylorFrancis. Harris, M., 1992. Language experience and early language development: From input  to uptake. New York, NY: Psychology Press. Knapp, K., Seidhofer, B., 2009. Handbook of foreign language communication and  learning. Berlin, DE: Walter de Gruyer. Nikolov, M., 2009. The age factor and early language learning. Berlin, DE: Walter de Gruyer. Nolan, K., 2004. The power of language: A critique of the assumptions and pedagogical implications of Howard Gardn er’s concept of linguistic intelligence. In Joe J. Kincheloe, Multiple intelligences reconsidered. Bern, CH: Peter Lang. Philp, J., Oliver, R., Mackley, A., 2008. Second language acquisition and the  younger learner. Amsterdam, NL: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Rapaport, B., Westgate, D. P. G., 1974. Children learning French: An attempt at  first principles. New York, NY: Taylor Francis. Rymer, R., 1992. II-A silent childhood. The New Yorker, p. 43 Web. Available at:  https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1992/04/20/ii-a-silent-childhood . Saunders-Semonsky, C. M., Spielberger, M. A., 2004. Early language learning: A  model for success. Charlotte, NC: IAP. Singleton, D. M., Lengyel, Z., 1995. The age factor in second language acquisition:  A critical look at the critical period hypothesis. Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters. Whitehead, M. R., 2010. Language and literacy in the early years 0-7. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Ltd.

Copmare Example

Copmare Example Copmare – Coursework Example Ebay and Amazon are two of the largest online retailers in the world. In order to compare the financial performance of both these companies a ratio analysis of its financial statements was calculated. The ratio analysis is illustrated in the table below.The net margin of Ebay is 17.80%. Ebays profitability is outstanding considering the fact that Amazons profitability was only 0.37%. One of the reasons that Ebay has a higher profitability is because the company incurs in lower operating costs. Return on assets shows how effective a company has been at generating profits from its assets. In 2013 Ebay had a return on assets of 6.88%, while Amazon had a much lower ROA at 0.68%. Return on equity measures a corporations profitability by revealing how much profit a company generates with the money shareholders have invested (Investodepia). Ebay had a return on equity in 2013 of 12.08% which is higher than Amazons result of 2.81%. The total asset turnover measures how efficient a company i s at generating revenue from its assets. Ebay had a total asset turnover in 2013 of 0.39. Amazon had a much better total asset turnover in 2013 with a result of 1.85. The times interest earned measures the amount of income that can be used to cover the interest expense of the company. A high times interest earned is the desirable outcome. Ebay had a times interest earned of 35.48. Amazon had a much lower times interest earned at 19.61. The current ratio shows the ability of a company to pay off its short term debt. The formula to calculate current ratio is current assets divided by current liabilities The current ratio of Ebay was 1.84, while Amazon had a current ratio of 1.07. Ebays current ratio is better. The quick ratio is another short term solvency metric that is similar to the current ratio, but it eliminates inventory from the numerator of the formula. Ebay does not hold any inventory, thus its quick ratio is the same as its current ratio at 1.84. Amazon had a quick ratio in 2013 of 0.75. Based on the ratio analysis performed Ebay is a better investment option because the company has superior profitability and liquidity. Work Cited PageInvestopedia.com. 2014. Return on Equity – ROE. 14 November 2014.

Ask Questions in English Class to Help You Learn

Ask Questions in English Class to Help You Learn Here is a list of some of the most common phrases used for asking questions in the classroom. Learn the phrases and use them often! Asking to Ask a Question Can I ask a question?May I ask a question? Asking for Something  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Can I have a pen, please?Do you have a pen for me?May I have a pen, please? Asking about Words  Ã‚     Whats (the word) in English?What does (the word) mean?How do you spell (the word)?How do you use (the word) in a sentence?Can you use (the word or phrase) in a sentence? Asking about Pronunciation How do you say (the word in your language) in English?Can you pronounce (the word)?How do you pronounce (the word)?Wheres the stress in (the word)? Asking about Idioms Is there an idiom for (your explanation)?Is (an idiom) an idioms? Asking to Repeat Could / Can you repeat that, please?Could / can you say that again, please?Pardon me? Apologizing  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚      Excuse me, please.Im sorry.Sorry about that.Sorry Im late for class. Saying Hello and Goodbye Good morning / afternoon / evening!Hello / HiHow are you?GoodbyeHave a good weekend / day / evening / time! Asking for Opinions What do you think about (topic)?Whats your opinion about (topic)? Practice Classroom Dialogues Arriving Late for Class Teacher: Good morning class.Students: Good morning. Teacher: How are you today?Students: Fine. How about you? Teacher: Im fine, thanks. Where is Hans?Student 1: Hes late. I think he missed the bus. Teacher: OK. Thank you for letting me know. Lets get started.Hans (arriving late): Sorry Im late. Teacher: Thats OK. Im glad youre here!Hans: Thank you. May I ask a question? Teacher: Certainly!  Hans: How do you spell complicated? Teacher: Complicated is complicated! C - O - M - P - L - I - C - A - T - E - DHans: Could you repeat that, please? Teacher: Of course. C - O - M - P - L - I - C - A - T - E - DHans: Thank you.   Understanding Words in Class Teacher: ... please complete page 35 as follow-up to this lesson.Student: Could you say that again, please? Teacher: Sure. Please do page 35 to make sure you understand.Student: Excuse me, please. What does follow-up mean? Teacher: Follow-up is something you do to repeat or continue something youre working on.Student: Is follow-up an idiom? Teacher: No, its an expression. An idiom is a full sentence expressing an idea.Student: Can you give me an example of an idiom? Teacher: Certainly. Its raining cats and dogs is an idiom.Student: Oh, I understand now.   Teacher: Great! Are there any other questions?Student 2: Yes. Could you use follow-up in a sentence? Teacher: Good question. Let me think ... Id like to do some follow-up to our discussion last week. Does that make sense?Student 2: Yes, I think I understand. Thank you. Teacher: My pleasure. Asking about a Topic Teacher: Lets talk about the weekend. What did you do this weekend?Student: I went to a concert. Teacher: Oh, interesting! What kind of music did they play?Student: Im not sure. It was in a bar. It wasnt pop, but it was nice. Teacher: Maybe it was hip-hop?Student: No, I dont think so. There was a piano, drums and a saxophone. Teacher: Oh, was it jazz?Student: Yes, thats it!   Teacher: Whats your opinion of jazz?Student: I like it, but its kind of crazy. Teacher: Why do you think that?Student: It didnt have a song. Teacher: Im not sure what you mean by song. Do you mean that no one was singing?Student: No, but it was crazy, you know, up and down. Teacher: Maybe it didnt have a melody?Student: Yes, I think thats it. Whats melody mean? Teacher: Thats hard. Its the main tune. You can think of the melody as the song you would sing along with the radio.Student: I understand. Wheres the stress in melody? Teacher: Its on the first syllable. ME - lo - dy.Student: Thank you.

Marketing of financial services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing of financial services - Essay Example Reduction in the incidence of interest rate clustering, however, is not very costly. Hence, Ashton and Hudson implied that the more na've customers should take a more active stance in their finances - be more involved as "[t]he degree of price or interest rate clustering appears to be exaggerate when low levels of financial involvement are concerned" (Ashton & Hudson 2008, p. 1402). Citibank offers several savings and investment products, whether local currency denominated or foreign currency denominated, to its clientele. These savings and investments products are offered with range of interest rates. A look at the bank's Web page on its savings and investments products shows that its US Dollar Reward Saver is marketed as giving 2.50 per cent gross per annum rate which is much higher than the account's actual annual equivalent rate or AER of 2.02 per cent. Although both rates were published in the Web page, a na've customer - whose interest or whose lack of "ability to process information" (Ashton & Hudson 2008, p. 1393) is the one being exploited - would immediately zero in on the "earn up to 2.50% gross p.a. fixed for 6 months" (Citibank 2008) and ignore the subsequent "2.02% AER on your US Dollars in the UK2.50 per cent gross" (Citibank 2008). Clearly, in this example, the bank is playing in a very broad context of marketing ethics. Another example is the bank's Reward Saver Issue 2 product which is being offered at a gross per annum interest rate of 6.35 per cent while in reality, the customer will actually be getting an interest rate closer to 5.08 per cent which is the AER. Even the AER is structured in a way to maximise or to exploit the na've's customer's tendency to round up - in here, the na've customer would think that 5.08 per cent is substantially higher than 5 per cent. An example which provides proof to Ashton and Hudson's conclusion on the rounding - "If the number is not already a round number an individual would round a number to the closest reference number" (Ashton & Hudson 2008, p. 1394) - is the bank's net interest rate per annum for its 60 day direct savings account. The bank gives 2.48 per cent for accounts with more than '75,000. A customer with the characteristics described by Ashton and Hudson will immediately round this rate off to 2.5 per cent. The 0.02 per cent difference from the rounding off can be translated to '15 every year for a '75,000 account! Ashton and Hudson observed that for mortgage rates, the interest rate clustering "occurs very frequently just below round numbers giving strong evidence for the common use of na've number processing strategies" (Ashton & Hudson 2008, p. 1401). Unfortunately, for Citibank United Kingdom (and even for HSBC UK) I could not obtain interest rates for their mortgage products, hence I applied the findings of the research to the bank's credit card rates. For its Citi Platinum MasterCard, Citibank charges 5.8 per cent for balance transfers and an APR of 16.9 per cent which are examples of the observation made by Ashton and Hudson - clustering just below round numbers. This can also be observed in the bank's Citi AAdavatage

The development of language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The development of language - Essay Example Today, millions of people speak one of the twenty-eight Mayan languages as their primary language. Apart from for the Waxtek speakers of Veracruz, Mayan languages occupy a large geographical zone in eastern Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, western Honduras, and western El Salvador (Sharer & Traxler 23). Mayan language family includes 31 languages spoken in Guatemala, Belize and southern Mexico. According to general classification, it has five major branches. It is frequently believed that Huastecan split off in the very beginning, followed by Yucatecan and then all other groups branched out (Campbell 71-72).Most of the Mayan speakers are partially bilingual and their second language is Spanish or English in case of Belize(Sharer & Traxler, 23). Other languages have great influence on all Mayan languages. For instance, there is grammatical evidence for prehistoric connections between the Mayan and the adjoining language family, MixeZoquean. Borrowing words started between these groups in the Pre-classic age and was generally from Mixe-Zoquea to Mayan. For instance, in addition to ajaw (lord) and kakaw (cocoa or chocolate), quite a few basic Mayan kinship and body-part terms came from Mixe-Zoquean. Most of the Mayan languages have few numbers of loanwords from Nahuatal. Nahuatal is the language of native peoples from Central Mexico, particularly post-classic Mexica, or Aztecs. Most probably these loanwords refer to the rising importance of the Central Mexican states in the Post-classic era. The Maya not only borrowed but also influenced other languages. For instance, more or less extinct language of southeastern Guatemala, Xinca does not belong to Mayan language family but it has a large number of loanwords from Mayan. Since European contact, the process of this exchange continued with Spanish and English. A very good example is the word kakaw that has entered English as cocoa just like Mayan word xook as the

Theoretical and Empirical Interest in World Cities Essay

Theoretical and Empirical Interest in World Cities - Essay Example However, the fact remains that the concept of a ‘world city’ is not so simple as this. Often referred to as ‘global city’ or sometimes as ‘alpha city’, a world city happens to be a very significant and important node point in the entire system of global economy. It has been a subject of researchers and empirical studies since long and is one of the most researched areas in the field of urban studies. Geography and urban studies are what the concept of world cities originates from, while globalization is the basis of this concept, considering the fact that the idea of globalization takes into account the hierarchy of the geographic locales in respect of importance to the operation of the global system. It is not that a concept is formed in a day, especially when it concerns as vast an idea as ‘global/world city’. The development of the concept of world cities may not be as old as the global cities themselves. Again, it has also to be kept in mind that the idea of a world city is not just like another of the thousand novel concepts that should better be described as the byproducts of globalization in the modern age. The development of the concept of a world city or a global city has quite a long and rich history. The volume of research works by scholars in all countries in the world and the growing interest in the concept of world city testify to its immense importance in the world of empirical studies. The purpose of this paper is to explore and discuss the factors related to the development of the concept of a world city and also to discuss the contemporary research that provides new insights into the hierarchy of world cities. Before we start exploring the development of the concept of a world city, we have to understand that development of the general ideas about a world city and the development of empirical interests in the concept of world/global cities are not the same.  

Explain Geoffrey Parker's concept of the western way of War How does Essay

Explain Geoffrey Parker's concept of the western way of War How does the Western way of war influence current US action in I - Essay Example From the fifteenth century, the role of the Western military has been to propagate and uplift the cultures of the western nations.   Writers of various genres of military history had a variety of reasons for writing about military life.   Three factors have contributed to the excellence of the western military over those of the neighboring non-European nations and the Americas. First of all, widespread politicization and acceptance of Christianity in the western world contributed to this. Later, the industrial revolution led to innovations in military technology.   Finally, there was imposition of Western cultures into the non-western word through means such as trade and colonialism.  Currently, the imposition occurs through western globalization. Therefore, these three factors have played a role in the western world’s military dominance. This has led to the phenomenon referred to as, Eurocentric Supremacy1. Military historians who describe the phenomenon of Eurocentri c Supremacy explained that many non-Europeans were compelled to convert to Christianity.   The first military officer to convert to Christianity was Constantine. ... It, therefore, led to numerous military attacks and campaigns by the western military. A great number of military attacks resulted from conflicts between the Orthodox Church and Christianity.    The western military took its campaigns outside their jurisdiction. This phenomenon led to widespread colonization of other nations by the west and the norm of slave trade. At this time, the other nations had the difficulty in opposing the western colonies because the western colonies were well equipped due to the dominant industrial revolution and innovation. It is, therefore, clear that the spread and development of Christianity throughout the western nations contributed to the Euro-centrism that was typical of the Western military. The technological advancements and innovations that resulted from the western industrial revolution all led to a supremacy in the western military’s mechanisms of war2.   In his work concerning the advent of technology and modern war, Martin Van Creve ld illustrates the point of technology that was typical of the western way of life. Creveld quips that the modern war is adversely infiltrated by technology. He further adds that technology has now governed war. This he attributes to the western culture which has ensured that the principles of war have been upheld since time immemorial. The western power has experienced invincibility from the past. This is due to the fact that the western word is motivated towards usage of technology in war either at the beginning of the war or at the middle and end of the war. The western world also has unyielding thirst in its quest to discover newer forms of technology that will improve its war and military activities. These are the factors that have all along made the

Management information systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Management information systems - Essay Example Gissaral Electronic business is having main intentions regarding the customer management at (Reponen, 1993): 10 New Technology Scope: Gissaral Electronic business has the future intension of implementing the following key business services and systems. In this scenario there will be following scope for new technology implementation (Reponen, 1993): 11 Management Information system: The term information system can be defined theoretically as â€Å"a set of organized components that collect, process, store, and transfer information to carry decision making and control in an organization†. In addition, the information systems store and maintain information regarding important places, people, and things within the organization or in the set up surrounding it (Laudon & Laudon, 1999, p.7; Hoffer et al., 2007, p.429). However, a management information system is an application or function of information system that provides management oriented reporting. In addition, these reports are typically developed on a predetermined schedule and come out in a prearranged structure (Whitten et al., 2000, p.47). 12 Decision support systems/ DSS: For the Gissaral Electronic, decision support system (DSS) will be the first choice, because it provides the comprehensive information for making a decision, and develop information systems particularly designed to aid and formulate decisions. Furthermore, the decision support systems depend on models and methods to create brief tables or an amount that decides a decision (Oz, 2008). 13 Customer information system: The next main choice regarding the technology solution at Gissaral Electronic will be customer information system. We want to implement this system for the business management, data handling and transaction management. This system will be a business management (business information management) system (Computer Sciences Corporation, 2010;

Sino-Japanese relations Essay Example for Free

Sino-Japanese relations Essay Sino-Japanese relations are destined to have a profound impact on Southeast Asia. After all, as noted by Stephen Leong, For Asia to be secure, Japan and China have to be getting along† Otherwise the security architecture of Asia will change. China, Japan and the US may not enjoy the most comfortable of partnerships, considering each nation’s competitive streak and occasional differences over trade, global governance and security issues. But the partnership works and is improving, with the potential for resolving many regional and global problems, explains Morton Abramowitz, former US ambassador and senior fellow at the Century Foundation. In analyzing major issues confronting the three nations, Abramowitz also offers specific recommendations: Japan and the US should refrain from forming â€Å"values† alliances against China; China should end opposition to a seat on the UN Security Council for Japan; and East Asia should form more consultative forums for planning and integration. Ongoing integration and consultation can only improve the relationship, according to Abramowitz, creating a multilateral policymaking model for the century ahead. China grows rapidly, deriving significant clout and thereby assuming a new world role. Despite a recent leadership transition, Chinese leaders remain preoccupied with mitigating massive distortions of growth, ensuring a successful Olympics and preventing regime change. Its military modernization arouses American. Yet China continues to be out of step with the political morality of leading countries. China has a long way to go in exercising international leadership. Japan is a major world economic player, but wants to be a â€Å"normal† nation without its postwar defense limitations. It remains fearful of China’s competition, even as both economies become more entwined. Japan and China have one major concrete dispute – maritime claims. The US and Japan each value their alliance, influence in Southeast Asia –but the absence of which was clear when most East seat. In recent years, China has increased its assertiveness in pursuing territorial claims in the South China Sea. This development can most likely be traced to Chinas need to find sources of oil since China switched from being an oil-exporting nation to an oil-importing nation a few years ago. While Southeast Asian nations have essentially agreed to disagree by postponing resolution of their territorial disputes, China continues to insist on its rights to drill for oil on these islands. These actions exemplify the need to establish a multilateral resource development regime whose prerequisite for admission could be the resolution of territorial disputes. . 6Devout Muslims, particularly in Indonesia and the Philippines, saw themselves marginalized by secular (Indonesian) or Christian (Filipino) governments. This produced a sense of victimization that meshed with the message from Osama bin Laden and others. Money from the Persian Gulf (particularly Saudi Arabia) has flowed into Southeast Asia, propagating a strict, doctrinaire version of Islam through schools and mosques. Mujahideen were indoctrinated into a militant jihadist returned to Southeast Asia ripe for recruitment into local terrorist organizations dedicated to the destruction of non- Muslim communities, Western influence, and secular governments. There are three types of international terrorist groups- al Qaeda, Jemaah Islamiyah (JI), whose agenda includes attacks on U. S. interests and the establishment of a pan-Islamic caliphate; and traditional Muslim separatists, such as the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) in the southern Philippines and the Pattani National Liberation Front in southern Thailand, that seek a separate Muslim state. One of the questions affecting the security future of Southeast Asia is whether the predominantly Muslim societies in the region can find a way to neutralize and absorb the militants into a moderate body politic. The picture is greatly complicated by linkages between groups including JI and al Qaeda, between Abu Sayyaf and al Qaeda, and between JI and the MILF. Further complications arise from alleged links between elements of the Indonesian 8 military and Laskar Jihad and another similar group, the Islamic Defenders Front. In short, terrorism in Southeast Asia would depict interactive networks with multiple agendas. The October 2002 bombings in Bali forced Jakarta to acknowledge the reality.

The Great Expectations | The Bildungsroman Novel

The Great Expectations | The Bildungsroman Novel Charles Dickens bildungsroman, Great Expectations (..), cannot help but impress upon the reader an overwhelming sense of guilt which permeates the novel at various levels. As the plot unfolds, the characters develop, however the sense of guilt remains unchanging until the primary character completes his transformation. Intertwined as guilt is as a theme with the other themes of crime and punishment and the fallacy of human error, which for the central character Pip, translates into a form of self-imposed guilt, Dickens narrator recounts the journey of the youthful Pip from a focus on false values to self-awareness and moral fortitude. Evident from the onset of the novel, the character Pip implicitly finds himself involved in the act of criminal complicity as he steals in order to aid the convict, Magwitch, and this initial act creates in the young boy feelings of immense guilt: My state of mind regarding the pilfering from which I had been so unexpectedly exonerated, did not impel me to frank disclosure; But I loved Joe perhaps for no better reason in those early days than because the dear fellow let me love him and, as to him, my inner self was not so easily composed. It was much upon my mind (particularly when I first saw him looking about for his file) that I ought to tell Joe the whole truth. Yet I did not, and for the reason that I mistrusted that if I did, he would think me worse than I was. The fear of losing Joes confidence, and of thenceforth sitting in the chimney-corner at night staring drearily at my for ever lost companion and friend, tied up my tongue. (33; ch. 6) From the onset of the novel therefore, the young Pip becomes embroiled in a world of criminal behavior where his guilt torments him. Instead of dissipating with time, Pips sense of guilt appears to overwhelm his consciousness until it appears to become an integral part of his character. As Dickens develops this theme, he uses a great deal of the novels atmosphere and settings to achieve his objective. As a child the youthful Pips world is bounded by the long black marshes, the black beacon by which the sailors steered and a gibbet with some chains hanging to it, which had once held a pirate (6; ch1). On the water there are the hulks, the prison-ships, and on the shore, there looms the battery with the guns which warn of prisoners escapes. Pips immediate consciousness is, in effect, bound by the literal manifestations of the criminal world. The physical bondage created by Dickens use of this dark, foreboding imagery underscores for Dickens the influence of the prospect of criminality which chronicles the life-path of his principal character. Explicit bondage translates for Pip into an implicit bondage: legally, he is bound in trade to Joe, while emotionally he is bound to Joe by gratitude. As a direct result of his meeting with Estella, and the perpetuation of severa l false values in his mind, he no longer views the honourable blacksmiths profession as an admirable career. Rather, the forge becomes Pips figurative prison, binding him to a lifestyle which now dissatisfies him. His aspirations have changed, thus he feels held captive and this mental dilemma adds to his cerebral turmoil: He feels guilty because he aspires to a different path, and in effect signing his own death warrant, dooming himself to the scaffold as he binds himself in apprenticeship to Joe: Here, in a corner, my indentures were duly signed and attested, and I was bound; Mr. Pumblechook holding me all the while as if we had looked in on our way to the scaffold to have these little preliminaries disposed ofà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Finally, I remember that when I got into my little bedroom I was truly wretched, and had a strong conviction on me that I should never like Joes trade. I had liked it once, but once was not now. (85-86; ch 13) In addition to the physical setting with which Dickens surrounds his principal character, many of Dickens other characters in the novel who interact with the principal character, serve the purpose of the thematic perpetuation of guilt and criminality. An interpretation of the text by Foucault, as a Panopticon, suggests that Pips guilt and criminality may be viewed through the actions of Orlick and Bentley Drummle: Orlick strikes Mrs. Joe with the leg iron (which Pip is guilty of providing and thus, to an extent making the crime possible), while Bentley Drummle becomes the tool through which Pip achieves gratification for Estellas treatment of him. Both characters by extension are physical representations of Pips secret desires for revenge upon the people who have wronged him. As they enact these crimes they also foster Pips guilt (Tambling, Bloom, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦).